#StopRansomware: ALPHV Blackcat | CISA


SUMMARY

Note: This joint Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) is part of an ongoing #StopRansomware effort to publish advisories for network defenders that detail various ransomware variants and ransomware threat actors. These #StopRansomware advisories include recently and historically observed tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and indicators of compromise (IOCs) to help organizations protect against ransomware. Visit stopransomware.gov to see all #StopRansomware advisories and to learn more about other ransomware threats and no-cost resources.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) are releasing this joint CSA to disseminate known IOCs and TTPs associated with the ALPHV Blackcat ransomware as a service (RaaS) identified through FBI investigations as recently as February 2024.

This advisory provides updates to the FBI FLASH BlackCat/ALPHV Ransomware Indicators of Compromise released April 19, 2022, and to this advisory released December 19, 2023. ALPHV Blackcat actors have since employed improvised communication methods by creating victim-specific emails to notify of the initial compromise. Since mid-December 2023, of the nearly 70 leaked victims, the healthcare sector has been the most commonly victimized. This is likely in response to the ALPHV Blackcat administrator’s post encouraging its affiliates to target hospitals after operational action against the group and its infrastructure in early December 2023.

FBI, CISA, and HHS encourage critical infrastructure organizations to implement the recommendations in the Mitigations section of this CSA to reduce the likelihood and impact of ALPHV Blackcat ransomware and data extortion incidents.

In February 2023, ALPHV Blackcat administrators announced the ALPHV Blackcat Ransomware 2.0 Sphynx update, which was rewritten to provide additional features to affiliates, such as better defense evasion and additional tooling. This ALPHV Blackcat update has the capability to encrypt both Windows and Linux devices, and VMWare instances. ALPHV Blackcat affiliates have extensive networks and experience with ransomware and data extortion operations.

Download the PDF version of this report:

For a downloadable copy of IOCs, see:

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Note: This advisory uses the MITRE ATT&CK® for Enterprise framework, version 14. See the MITRE ATT&CK Tactics and Techniques section for a table of the threat actors’ activity mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics and techniques. For assistance with mapping malicious cyber activity to the MITRE ATT&CK framework, see CISA and MITRE ATT&CK’s Best Practices for MITRE ATT&CK Mapping and CISA’s Decider Tool.

ALPHV Blackcat affiliates use advanced social engineering techniques and open source research on a company to gain initial access. Actors pose as company IT and/or helpdesk staff and use phone calls or SMS messages [T1598] to obtain credentials from employees to access the target network [T1586]. ALPHV Blackcat affiliates use uniform resource locators (URLs) to live-chat with victims to convey demands and initiate processes to restore the victims’ encrypted files.

After gaining access to a victim network, ALPHV Blackcat affiliates deploy remote access software such as AnyDesk, Mega sync, and Splashtop in preparation of data exfiltration. ALPHV Blackcat affiliates create a user account, “aadmin,” and use Kerberos token generation for domain access [T1558]. After gaining access to networks, they use legitimate remote access and tunneling tools, such as Plink and Ngrok [S0508]. ALPHV Blackcat affiliates claim to use Brute Ratel C4 [S1063] and Cobalt Strike [S1054] as beacons to command and control servers. ALPHV Blackcat affiliates use the open source adversary-in-the-middle attack [T1557] framework Evilginx2, which allows them to obtain multifactor authentication (MFA) credentials, login credentials, and session cookies. The actors also obtain passwords from the domain controller, local network, and deleted backup servers to move laterally throughout the network [T1555].

To evade detection, affiliates employ allowlisted applications such as Metasploit. Once installed on the domain controller, the logs are cleared on the exchange server. Then Mega.nz or Dropbox are used to move, exfiltrate, and/or download victim data. The ransomware is then deployed, and the ransom note is embedded as a file.txt. According to public reporting, affiliates have additionally used POORTRY and STONESTOP to terminate security processes.

Some ALPHV Blackcat affiliates exfiltrate data after gaining access and extort victims without deploying ransomware. After exfiltrating and/or encrypting data, ALPHV Blackcat affiliates communicate with victims via TOR [S0183], Tox, email, or encrypted applications. The threat actors then delete victim data from the victim’s system.

ALPHV Blackcat affiliates offer to provide unsolicited cyber remediation advice as an incentive for payment, offering to provide victims with “vulnerability reports” and “security recommendations” detailing how they penetrated the system and how to prevent future re-victimization upon receipt of ransom payment. The ALPHV Blackcat encryptor results in a file with the following naming convention: RECOVER-(seven-digit extension) FILES.txt.

Figure 1: Ransom Note Instruction

INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE (IOCs)

Table 1: MD5 Hashes
MD5 Description File Name

944153fb9692634d6c70899b83676575

ALPHV Windows Encryptor

 

341d43d4d5c2e526cadd88ae8da70c1c

Anti Virus Tools Killer

363.sys

34aac5719824e5f13b80d6fe23cbfa07

CobaltStrike BEACON

LMtool.exe

eea9ab1f36394769d65909f6ae81834b

CobaltStrike BEACON

Info.exe

379bf8c60b091974f856f08475a03b04

ALPHV Linux Encryptor

him

ebca4398e949286cb7f7f6c68c28e838

SimpleHelp Remote Management tool

first.exe

c04c386b945ccc04627d1a885b500edf

Tunneler Tool

conhost.exe

824d0e31fd08220a25c06baee1044818

Anti Virus Tools Killer

ibmModule.dll

eea9ab1f36394769d65909f6ae81834b

CobaltStrike BEACON

ConnectivityDiagnos.exe

944153fb9692634d6c70899b83676575

ALPHV Windows Encryptor

7O3cCX9YcHMV2.exe

61804a029e9b1753d58a6bf0274c25a6

MeshCentral Agent

WPEHOSTSVC64.exe

83deea3b61b6a734e7e4a566dbb6bffa

ScreenConnect & attacker tools installer

deployService.exe

8738b8637a20fa65c6e64d84d1cfe570

Suspected Proxy Tool

socks32.exe

Table 2: SHA256 Hashes
SHA256 Description

c64300cf8bacc4e42e74715edf3f8c3287a780c9c0a38b0d9675d01e7e231f16

ALPHV Windows Encryptor

1f5e4e2c78451623cfbf32cf517a92253b7abfe0243297c5ddf7dd1448e460d5

Anti Virus Tools Killer

3670dd4663adca40f168f3450fa9e7e84bc1a612d78830004020b73bd40fcd71

CobaltStrike BEACON

af28b78c64a9effe3de0e5ccc778527428953837948d913d64dbd0fa45942021

CobaltStrike BEACON

bbfe7289de6ab1f374d0bcbeecf31cad2333b0928ea883ca13b9e733b58e27b1

ALPHV Linux Encryptor

5d1df950b238825a36fa6204d1a2935a5fbcfe2a5991a7fc69c74f476df67905

SimpleHelp Remote Management tool

bd9edc3bf3d45e3cdf5236e8f8cd57a95ca3b41f61e4cd5c6c0404a83519058e

Tunneler Tool

732e24cb5d7ab558effc6dc88854f756016352c923ff5155dcb2eece35c19bc0

Anti Virus Tools Killer

Table 3: SHA1 Hashes
SHA1 Description

3dd0f674526f30729bced4271e6b7eb0bb890c52

ALPHV Windows Encryptor

d6d442e8b3b0aef856ac86391e4a57bcb93c19ad

Anti Virus Tools Killer

6b52543e4097f7c39cc913d55c0044fcf673f6fc

CobaltStrike BEACON

004ba0454feb2c4033ff0bdb2ff67388af0c41b6

CobaltStrike BEACON

430bd437162d4c60227288fa6a82cde8a5f87100

SimpleHelp Remote Management tool

1376ac8b5a126bb163423948bd1c7f861b4bfe32

Tunneler Tool

380f941f8047904607210add4c6da2da8f8cd398

Anti Virus Tools Killer

Table 4: Network Indicators
Indicator Type Network Indicator Description

Domain

resources.docusong[.]com

Command and Control Server

Domain

Fisa99.screenconnect[.]com

ScreenConnect Remote Access

IP Address

5.199.168.24

Command and Control Server

IP Address

91.92.254.193

SimpleHelp Remote Access

Domain

pcrendal[.]com

Command and Control Server

Domain

instance-qqemas-relay[.]screenconnect[.]com

ScreenConnect Remote Access

Domain

instance-rbjvws-relay.screenconnect[.]com

ScreenConnect Remote Access

IP Address

5.199.168[.]233

IP Address used by Threat Actor

IP Address

92.223.89[.]55

IP Address used by Threat Actor

IP Address

185.195.59[.]218

IP Address used by Threat Actor

IP Address

51.159.103[.]112

IP Address used by Threat Actor

IP Address

45.32.141[.]168

Command and Control Server

IP Address

45.77.0[.]92

Command and Control Server

MITRE ATT&CK TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES

See Table 5 through Table 7 for all referenced threat actor tactics and techniques in this advisory.

Table 5: ALPHV Blackcat/ALPHV Threat Actors ATT&CK Techniques – Reconnaissance
Technique Title ID Use

Phishing for Information

T1598

ALPHV Blackcat affiliates pose as company IT and/or helpdesk staff using phone calls or SMS messages to obtain credentials from employees to access the target network.

Table 6: ALPHV Blackcat/ALPHV Threat Actors ATT&CK Techniques – Resource Development
Technique Title ID Use

Compromise Accounts

T1586

ALPHV Blackcat affiliates use compromised accounts to gain access to victims’ networks.

Table 7: ALPHV Blackcat/ALPHV Threat Actors ATT&CK Techniques – Credential Access
Technique Title ID Use

Obtain Credentials from Passwords Stores

T1555

ALPHV Blackcat affiliates obtain passwords from local networks, deleted servers, and domain controllers.

Steal or Force Kerberos Tickets T1558 ALPHV Blackcat/ALPHV affiliates use Kerberos token generation for domain access.

Adversary-in-the-Middle

T1557

ALPHV Blackcat/ALPHV affiliates use the open-source framework Evilginx2 to obtain MFA credentials, login credentials, and session cookies for targeted networks.

INCIDENT RESPONSE

If compromise is detected, organizations should:

  1. Quarantine or take offline potentially affected hosts.
  2. Reimage compromised hosts.
  3. Provision new account credentials.
  4. Collect and review artifacts such as running processes/services, unusual authentications, and recent network connections.
  5. Report the compromise or phishing incident to CISA via CISA’s 24/7 Operations Center (report@cisa.gov or 888-282-0870). State, local, tribal, or territorial government entities can also report to MS-ISAC (SOC@cisecurity.org or 866-787-4722).
  6. To report spoofing or phishing attempts (or to report that you’ve been a victim), file a complaint with the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), or contact your local FBI Field Office to report an incident.

MITIGATIONS

These mitigations apply to all critical infrastructure organizations and network defenders. FBI, CISA, and HHS recommend that software manufactures incorporate secure by design principles and tactics into their software development practices limiting the impact of ransomware techniques, thus, strengthening the security posture for their customers.

For more information on secure by design, see CISA’s Secure by Design webpage and joint guide.

FBI, CISA, and HHS recommend organizations implement the mitigations below to improve your organization’s cybersecurity posture based on threat actor activity and to reduce the risk of compromise by ALPHV Blackcat threat actors. These mitigations align with the Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals (CPGs) developed by CISA and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The CPGs provide a minimum set of practices and protections that CISA and NIST recommend all organizations implement. CISA and NIST based the CPGs on existing cybersecurity frameworks and guidance to protect against the most common and impactful threats, tactics, techniques, and procedures. Visit CISA’s Cross-Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals for more information on the CPGs, including additional recommended baseline protections. Due to the threat ALPHV Blackcat’s poses in the healthcare sector, healthcare organizations can look to the Healthcare and Public Health (HPH) Sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals to implement cybersecurity protections against the most common threats. tactics, techniques, and procedures used against this sector.

  • Secure remote access tools by:
    • Implementing application controls to manage and control execution of software, including allowlisting remote access programs. Application controls should prevent installation and execution of portable versions of unauthorized remote access and other software. A properly configured application allowlisting solution will block any unlisted application execution. Allowlisting is important because antivirus solutions may fail to detect the execution of malicious portable executables when the files use any combination of compression, encryption, or obfuscation.
    • Applying recommendations in CISA’s joint Guide to Securing Remote Access Software.
  • Implementing FIDO/WebAuthn authentication or Public key Infrastructure (PKI)-based MFA [CPG 2.H][HPH CPG – Multifactor Authentication]. These MFA implementations are resistant to phishing and not susceptible to push bombing or SIM swap attacks, which are techniques known be used by ALPHV Blackcat affiliates. See CISA’s Fact Sheet Implementing Phishing-Resistant MFA for more information.
  • Identify, detect, and investigate abnormal activity and potential traversal of the indicated ransomware with a networking monitoring tool. To aid in detecting ransomware, implement a tool that logs and reports all network traffic [CPG 5.1][HPH CPG – Detect and Respond to Relevant Threats and Tactics, Techniques and Procedures], including lateral movement activity on a network. Endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools are useful for detecting lateral connections as they have insight into common and uncommon network connections for each host.
  • Implement user training on social engineering and phishing attacks [CPG 2.I][HPH CPG – Basic Cybersecurity Training]. Regularly educate users on identifying suspicious emails and links, not interacting with those suspicious items, and the importance of reporting instances of opening suspicious emails, links, attachments, or other potential lures.
  • Implement internal mail and messaging monitoring. Monitoring internal mail and messaging traffic to identify suspicious activity is essential as users may be phished from outside the targeted network or without the knowledge of the organizational security team. Establish a baseline of normal network traffic and scrutinize any deviations.
  • Implement free security tools to prevent cyber threat actors from redirecting users to malicious websites to steal their credentials. For more information see, CISA’s Free Cybersecurity Services and Tools webpage.
  • Install and maintain antivirus software. Antivirus software recognizes malware and protects your computer against it. Installing antivirus software from a reputable vendor is an important step in preventing and detecting infections. Always visit vendor sites directly rather than clicking on advertisements or email links. Because attackers are continually creating new viruses and other forms of malicious code, it is important to keep your antivirus software up to date.

VALIDATE SECURITY CONTROLS

In addition to applying mitigations, CISA recommends exercising, testing, and validating your organization’s security program against the threat behaviors mapped to the MITRE ATT&CK for Enterprise framework in this advisory. CISA recommends testing your existing security controls inventory to assess how they perform against the ATT&CK techniques described in this advisory.

To get started:

  1. Select an ATT&CK technique described in this advisory (see Tables 1-3).
  2. Align your security technologies against the technique.
  3. Test your technologies against the technique.
  4. Analyze your detection and prevention technologies’ performance.
  5. Repeat the process for all security technologies to obtain a set of comprehensive performance data.
  6. Tune your security program, including people, processes, and technologies, based on the data generated by this process.

CISA and FBI recommend continually testing your security program, at scale, in a production environment to ensure optimal performance against the MITRE ATT&CK techniques identified in this advisory.

RESOURCES

DISCLAIMER

The information in this report is being provided “as is” for informational purposes only. FBI, CISA, and HHS do not endorse any commercial entity, product, company, or service, including any entities, products, or services linked within this document. Any reference to specific commercial entities, products, processes, or services by service mark, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by FBI, CISA, and HHS.

VERSION HISTORY

December 19, 2023: Initial version.

February 27, 2024: Update.



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SUMMARY Note: This joint Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) is part of an ongoing #StopRansomware effort to publish advisories for network defenders that detail various ransomware variants and ransomware threat actors. These #StopRansomware advisories include recently and historically observed tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and indicators of compromise (IOCs) to help organizations protect against ransomware. Visit stopransomware.gov…

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